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Physics Fundamentals Blog

101 free articles covering every core topic in A-Level and introductory university physics. Clear explanations, real-world examples, and the conceptual depth you won't find in a typical textbook.

Physics Fundamentals Blog

1/f = 1/u + 1/v — The Lens and Mirror Equation Explained

How to Calculate Relative Velocity in 1D and 2D

How Efficient Can a Heat Engine Be? The Carnot Cycle Explained

What Is Black-Body Radiation? Wien's Law and Stefan-Boltzmann Explained

Why Work Equals the Change in Kinetic Energy — The Work-Energy Theorem

How Waves Add Together — Superposition, Phase Difference and Beats

Thermal Expansion Explained — ΔL = αL₀ΔT and Worked Examples

Vectors vs Scalars — Definitions, Examples and Vector Addition

What Is Young's Modulus? Stress, Strain and E = σ/ε Explained

Thermal Energy and Internal Energy — Q = mcΔT Explained

The Simple Pendulum and Its Period Formula T = 2π√(L/g)

n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂ — Snell's Law, Derived and Explained

How to Combine Resistors in Series and Parallel

What Are Standing Waves? Nodes, Antinodes and Resonance Explained

R = v²sin2θ/g — Projectile Motion Range and Why 45° Is Maximum

What Are Quantum Numbers? n, l, mₗ, mₛ Explained

How Does Light Get Polarised? Malus's Law Explained

P = ρgh — Pressure in Fluids, Pascal's Law and Hydraulics

P = IV = I²R = V²/R — Power in Electrical Circuits Explained

Potential Energy — Gravitational, Elastic and Electric Forms Explained

How to Write Nuclear Decay Equations — Alpha, Beta and Gamma

How to Find Net Force — Free Body Diagrams and Newton's Second Law

What Is Nuclear Binding Energy? Mass Defect and the Stability Curve

How Does Resistance Change With Temperature? R = R₀(1 + αΔT)

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